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Nor did this imply solely the native welfare of the papacy, the nice order and peace of the Patrimony of Peter. Though not all are found in any one narrative, there isn't any good cause for doubting their basic accuracy. But are they the stuff of fantasy? Kleinclausz (l'Empire Carolingien, and many others., Paris, 1902, 441 sqq.) denies the authenticity of the well-known letter (871) of Emperor Louis II to the Greek Emperor Basil (wherein the former acknowledges fully the papal origin of his personal imperial dignity), and attributes it to Anastasius Bibliotheca in 879. His arguments are weak; the authenticity is admitted by Gregorovius and O. Harnack. Peter and Paul, the pope approached him, placed upon his head the imperial crown, did him formal reverence after the ancient manner, saluted him as Emperor and Augustus and anointed him, while the Romans current burst out with the acclamation, thrice repeated: "To Carolus Augustus crowned by God, mighty and pacific emperor, be life and victory" (Carolo, piisimo Augusto a Deo coronato, magno et pacificio Imperatori, vita et victoria). Despite the earlier goodwill and assist of the papacy, the Emperor of Constantinople, legit heir of the imperial title (he nonetheless called himself Roman Emperor, and his capital was formally New Rome) had lengthy proved incapable of preserving his authority in the Italian peninsula.

However, the event of Christmas Day, 800, was long resented at Constantinople, the place ultimately the successor of Charles was occasionally called "Emperor", or "Emperor of the Franks", however by no means "Roman Emperor". Alternatively, there appears no reason to doubt that for some time earlier the elevation of Charles had been discussed, each at dwelling and at Rome, especially in view of two facts: the scandalous condition of the imperial government at Constantinople, and the acknowledged grandeur and solidity of the Carolingian house. It could also be famous right here that the chroniclers of the ninth century deal with as "restitution" to St. Peter the assorted cessions and grants of cities and territory made at this interval by the Carolingian rulers inside the limits of the Patrimony of Peter. Suffice it to add here that while the imperial consecration made him in concept, what he was already actually, the principal ruler of the West, and impropriated, because it had been, in the Carolingian line the majesty of historical Rome, it additionally lifted Charles directly to the dignity of supreme temporal protector of Western Christendom and in particular of its head, the Roman Church.

Baluze, I, 247, 341, 345); additionally that after the ceremony he made very wealthy gifts to the Basilica of St. Peter, and that on the same day the pope anointed (as King of the Franks) the youthful Charles, son of the emperor and at the moment probably destined to succeed within the imperial dignity. Leo was despatched again to Rome escorted by royal missi; the insurgents, thoroughly frightened and unable to convince Charles of the pope's iniquity, surrendered, and the missi despatched Paschalis and Campulus, nephews of Adrian I and ringleaders against Pope Leo, to the king, to be handled at the royal pleasure. Charles, it's true, after his imperial consecration exercised practically at Rome his authority as Patricius, or protector of the Roman Church. This (the Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate) he considerably omitted from the partition of the Frankish State made on the Diet of Thionville, in 806. It's to be famous that in this public division of his estate he made no provision for the imperial title, additionally that he committed to all three sons "the defence and safety of the Roman Church".

In any case, since the Donation of Pepin (752) the pope was formally sovereign of the duchy of Rome and the Exarchate; hence, aside from its impact on his shadowy declare to the sovereignty of all Italy, the Byzantine ruler had nothing to lose by the elevation of Charles. This decision produced a domino effect. In reality this Roman patriciate, both under Pepin and Charles, was not more than a high protectorship of the civil sovereignty of the pope, whose native independence, both earlier than and after the coronation of Charles, is historically sure, even aside from the aforesaid imperial charters. It's certain that Charles always attributed his imperial dignity to an act of God, made recognized of course through the company of the Vicar of Christ (divino nutu coronatus, a Deo coronatus, in "Capitularia", ed. Charles obtained the Vicar of Christ with all due reverence. Long earlier than this event Pope Adrian I had conferred (774) on Charles his father's dignity of Patricius Romanus, which implied primarily the safety of the Roman Church in all its rights and privileges, above all in the temporal authority which it had regularly acquired (notably in the previous Byzantine Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna) by just titles in the course of the 2 preceding centuries.

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